Egypt has an ideal geographical location and suitable climatic conditions for growing grapes and producing them in large quantities and of high quality. Egypt is characterized by the diversity of its nature and the availability of water sources, which creates an ideal environment for agriculture, as the governorates of Fayoum, Minya, Sharqia, Luxor, and Assiut are considered among the most prominent agricultural regions in which grapes are grow intensively.

Egypt's total production of tomatoes is approximately 8 million tons, and it ranks fifth in the world in tomato production. We export about 3% of the production in quantities of up to 140 thousand tons every year. Overlapping crops are grown in Egypt throughout the year, with the winter crop representing 42% of Cultivated area of tomatoes. The area planted with tomatoes in the summer season is about 49%, and 9% is planted in the indigo tree, which plants its seedlings in June and July.

Egyptian oranges are considered to be of high quality, making them internationally famous. They are rich in countless health benefits. They are a fruit rich in vitamin C, which protects many diseases and strengthens the immunity of those who eat this fruit. Egypt is the largest orange exporting country in the world, exporting 80 % of its production, with an average export of one and a half million tons annually. Russia is one of the largest countries that imports oranges from Egypt, amounting to 20% of Egypt’s orange production annually, followed by Saudi Arabia, which imports approximately 10% of production.

Egypt ranks 12th in the world in potato cultivation, and is first on the African continent, thanks to the increase in the cultivated area, which has reached approximately 560 thousand acres over the past years. The potato crop in Egypt is grown 3 times a year. Winter represents 60% of the cultivated area. Production reaches 6.7 million tons annually. Russia imports large quantities of it.

Onions are grown in Egypt, either singly or intertwined on most crops and fruit trees. They have been used for human nutrition, medicinal purposes, and mummification since early times. They were found decreed on the temples of the ancient Egyptians. The appropriate dates for planting onions in Upper Egypt are in the months of October and November, while in Lower Egypt they are in the months of November and December, indicating that the appropriate weather factors for planting onions are the plant’s need for a suitable temperature when germinating seeds, from 11 to 25 degrees Celsius, and the ideal is 18 degrees. Optimum temperature for plant growth.

Strawberry cultivation is widespread in many governorates, including Qalyubia, Beheira, Ismailia, and Sharqia, as well as the Nubaria region, and its production covers local consumption. About 20 thousand tons of fresh strawberries are exported abroad, because Egyptian strawberries enjoy a good reputation in international markets. About 4 million strawberry seedlings are also exported annually in addition to strawberries Frozen, whose export season begins in February of each year immediately after the end of fresh export in December.

Sweet potatoes grow in hot and temperate regions and need special conditions to achieve the best growth and productivity of the crop. Egypt is among the countries that grow sweet potatoes, as it grows in the northern, central and southern regions of the country. Growing potatoes in Egypt requires providing well-drained, moderately moist land. It is also necessary to provide soil rich in nutrients and fertilizer necessary for the healthy growth of plants. Potatoes are grown in Egypt in the spring and summer.

Guava cultivation was established in Egypt in 1825, as the climate is temperate and hot areas are the most suitable for the growth of guava trees. The total area planted with guava in Egypt reaches 37 thousand and 343 acres, with a production of up to 339 thousand and 520 tons. Guava fruits are considered one of the richest fruits containing vitamin A: The leaves also have many medical benefits.

Egypt ranks eighth in mango production, with the production of more than 1.3 million tons. The coastal areas, the Nile Delta, Ismailia, Fayoum, Giza, West Nubariya, and Aswan are considered among the best areas for growing the finest types. The mango fruit has a high nutritional value, as it is rich in nutritional elements and contains vitamin A. C, proteins, fats, malic, citric and carotene acids. Mango is a tropical fruit that was introduced to Egypt in 1825.

Egypt annually produces more than one million and one hundred thousand tons of watermelon, and its cultivation is widespread in a number of cities and governorates, such as Kafr El-Sheikh, Beheira, Aswan, Qalabashu, Amriya, and Alexandria. It is grown in sandy soil, and the productivity of an acre of Egyptian seeds ranges from 40 to 50 tons.

Pomegranate cultivation is good in Upper Egypt and the oases, where suitable weather conditions for its production are available, such as intense heat and lack of humidity. Assiut Governorate is considered to have a high comparative advantage in pomegranate production, as it ranks first among the governorates of the Republic with about 54% of the average total production in Egypt. Many local varieties with good qualities are grown in Egypt, including Manfaluti (relative to its cultivation in the Manfalut Center in Assiut Governorate), Banati, Taifi and Baladi, in addition to some new varieties that are grown in new lands.

Olives are grown in most countries of the Mediterranean basin. It is grown in Egypt in most governorates, often alone or with other crops. However, in the recent period, the cultivated area has increased from five thousand acres at the end of the seventies to more than one hundred thousand acres at the end of the nineties until it reached 240 thousand acres at the end of the current year. This is because the growth of the olive tree in the new reclamation areas with yellow soil is superior to other fruit crops, especially under conditions of drought, salinity, and varying soil types. Olives are harvested twice a year, the first from March to April, and the second from September to October.

Egypt occupies second place as the largest garlic producing country in the world after Spain in terms of production and cultivated area. Garlic cultivation is concentrated in the governorates of Minya, Beni Suef, Sharqia, and Dakahlia. Among the governorates with the largest garlic production are Minya and Beni Suef, with a production equivalent to 40% of the total area planted with garlic. . Garlic is a vegetable grown in Egypt in the winter during the months of September and October. It is grown singly or in layers on another winter plant. Garlic is grown for local consumption and export.

Carrots are one of the most important vegetable crops spread in Egypt. The suitable land for growing them is deep land. Carrots are grown using submergence or spray irrigation, and they mature about 4 months after planting. Local carrots are planted during the period from mid-August to the end of September, and delaying planting leads to preparing the plants for flowering. As for foreign varieties, they are planted in mid-August and extend until February.

Egypt is considered the country most famous for growing the molokhia plant, which is a summer leafy plant. The seeds do not germinate at low temperatures. It is grown in clay lands from March to the end of September, while in sandy lands it is from late January until mid-November.

Egypt's total production of fava beans is about 200 thousand tons annually, and the area cultivated with fava beans in Egypt reaches about 125 thousand acres. Faba beans are considered the first legume crop in Egypt in terms of cultivated area and total production.

Egypt produces about 12 thousand tons of beans annually, and the export season begins from the beginning of October until the end of June. Previously, only podd broad beans were grown in Egypt, but now, according to the recommendations of the Horticultural Research Institute, medium to thick varieties with high production potential and yield per acre rank fourth in Egypt.

Peanuts are considered an important export crop in Egypt, as about 35 thousand tons are exported annually, worth $45 million. It is also one of the oil crops that can be cultivated in new lands, as it is found in sandy lands, where the percentage of oil in the seeds reaches 40%. About % - 60%. It is also characterized by its high economic value, as many food, pharmaceutical and other industries are based on it. It also contains many health benefits.

Red lentils are considered a winter legume crop in Egypt. The cultivated area amounted to about 14 thousand acres. The importance of this crop is due to it being an important food crop for humans and animals, as its grains are used for human food, while hay and lentil peels are used for animal food. This is due to its high nutritional value, as it contains a protein percentage of up to 27% and a percentage of carbohydrates estimated at about 60 and a half percent. percent of phosphorus.

Yellow lentils are also considered a winter legume crop in Egypt. Yellow lentils are grown in clay lands, and their cultivation begins in mid-October until mid-November. One acre requires approximately 50 to 60 kilograms of seeds to produce the equivalent of 600 to 800 kilograms.

The area cultivated with sesame in Egypt is estimated at about 75 thousand acres, explaining that the average production per acre ranges between 5 and 7 ardebs, and an ardeb is estimated at about 120 kilograms. Sesame is an important oil crop that is grown mainly for its seeds, which are used in the production of some foodstuffs. Its seeds are rich in oil, protein, calcium and phosphorus.

Egypt's production of white rice reaches 4 million tons annually, while consumption reaches 3.6 million tons, meaning there is a surplus of 400 thousand tons annually. Egypt is the most important market for rice in the North African region. Due to its available land base on the banks of the Nile River, the country produces the most rice in North Africa. Nile water is widely used to irrigate rice crops.

Basil is a perennial herbaceous plant. Its leaves contain 0.25-0.4% essential oil, while its seeds contain 2-3%. Basil cultivation succeeds in most Egyptian lands. Its cultivation is good in yellow lands with good drainage and ventilation. The essential oil is used in medicine and in the manufacture of perfumes and cosmetics. An acre produces 1.5 tons of dry leaves in the first year of cultivation, increasing by about 2 tons in the second year. - In the case of distillation to obtain oil, plants per acre give from 15 to 25 kg of oil, which may reach 30 kg in the second year.

Fennel, native to the Mediterranean basin, is the main source of this type of plant. It is an annual or perennial herbaceous plant, and its vegetative growth is strong, as it reaches a height of about a metre. Its branches are erect and green in color. As for the leaves, they are large in size, reaching more than 20 cm in length. The flowers are very small, carried in a large compound tent inflorescence, which differs from other species of the same family. Its color is yellow. Light.

Mint is an evergreen perennial herbaceous plant. Mint leaves are used as a popular drink in many countries, and the volatile oil is used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. It is also used in folk medicine to aid digestion and as a colic reliever. Mint can be grown during all months of the year, except for the cold ones. It is preferable to plant it during the first half of February until the end of March.

The well-known caraway in Egypt is the aromatic caraway, a winter annual plant. There are varieties of annual plants, including Egyptian, Moroccan, and Iranian, but they differ in the oil components. Caraway plants grow well in most agricultural lands and prefer yellow soil of both types, while heavy and fertile lands lead to increased growth. Vegetative growth at the expense of fruit growth.

Coriander is a winter crop that is well cultivated in all governorates. The planting period for coriander starts from November to mid-December in all the governorates of Egypt, and cultivation in Aswan Governorate extends until January. The earlier the planting dates are, the more the farmer will be able to increase the number of mowings.

Chamomile in Egypt has a great comparative advantage and a competitive advantage as well, as the inflorescences are collected manually with a neck not exceeding 0.5 cm. As for other producing countries, the inflorescences are collected mechanically with a neck up to 7 cm. Therefore, Egyptian chamomile is preferred, in addition to the high percentage of oil in the chamomile inflorescences, which ranges from Between 0.6% and 1.6% by dry weight, and the extracted fresh oil is blue in color due to the presence of azulene, which reaches 7-15% in the oil.

Marjoram is one of the most important medicinal and aromatic plants for export, and it is a perennial herbaceous plant. Its cultivation is good in Egypt, where the cultivated area has reached about 4,000 acres. It is concentrated in the governorates of Fayoum, Minya, Assiut, and Giza. Marjoram is grown to obtain The dried leaves are crushed or distilled to obtain its volatile oil, which is used in the field of cooking. and industry Perfumes and soap.